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Following just my short summary
Background
Black September, 9/11 terorist attack, undoubtedly is the most important incident in history of moslem and west relation. This event not only open pandora box of a question about Islam, but also raise the religion identity among moslems in their foreign country.
Referring to Mercer, identity only becomes an issue when it is in crisis. When Islam and Moslems become popular attention dramatically because of 9/11 attack, moslems are caugh in a snare between their relation to their cultural and ethnic background in one side, and their position in western which are associated with fundamentalist group who give raise radical religious. The are so many moslems who are strengthen with this condition and react defensively, vice versa, there are so many moslems who react defiantly in diverse form in their adherence to their religon
This MA communication disertation is going to see the role of media in constructing moslems identity after 9/11 attack. There are two hyphotheses of this disertation. First is the importance of mass media role in shaping identity. Second the relation between media and audience is not only based on cause and effect but also a dynamic and interactive position
Framework
1. Moslem; Identity and Community
The appear of muslim identity dates back only to the late 80s and early 90’s of the last century. Before, moslems are perceived as ethnic identity rather than religion category as a key signifier in every moslems life.
It is the rise of populist English nationalisme and the New Right Movement with their exlusive cultural esentialist agenda who become trigger disporic moslem to make religion as a basis identification and to use religion teaching to solve social problem. The late form become more abvious when Rushdie Affair disturbing moslem society. Finally this condition when the feeling of being attacked and interfere with hostile majority led great number of muslim diasporic even those not practicing their religion teaching. Now, the notion of “moslem identity” in Britain was emerge in the situation of crisis and polarised political position on very sensitive issues
2. Moslem Identity and Mass Media
Moslem community in Britain is heterogene population. Moslems diasporas in western countries come from different ethnic, culture and historical experiences. Consequently they have different symbols, aspiration, strength of adherence to ritual and loyality of community. This diversity affect to diversity of moslem groups in interpreting, practicing religion teaching in their daily life.
But in the most cases, ethnicity, nationality, regionality and class variable compete with religious identity. Islam in same contexts may be the major identity in one moslems community but it is never the sole form and is often not the majority. Lending credence to this idea that the majority of moslems in western countries do not practice their religion teaching regularly. Moslems arount the world are try to adapt Islamic teaching to their own social and cultural background. Therefore religion has become tighly interwoven with social tradition
Compared with other ethnic minorities in Britain, Moslems are considered as a weird community. Moslems have social and cultural values, beliefs systems diametrically contrast to the west. Moslems identity perceived as a threat to the multicultural society and contradict with the foundation of laic and modern society.
The representation of British Moslems in British newspaper between 1993 and 1997 was pronely negative. British media represent moslems community based on two discourses; the white British difference from Moslems and the alien nature of moslems culture. Furthermore, According to Richardson, Moslems are excluded from Britishness based on two rationality. Firstly because Moslems are perceived to lack and secondly by virtue of the Islamicness.
In fact for the second time, after Rushdie Affair and the Second Gulf War, British Moslems placed their selves under heavy media spot light after 9/11 incident. The representation is mainly negative. Research show that British Moslem have revealed that the majority of news in media are fully with great mistrust and suspicion. This fact testify that a community diasporic is sensitive to the way media describe them
3. Understanding Identity
Identity is a discursive construction made by individuals about themselves since ‘there can be no identity experience or social practice which is not discursively constructed’. There are so many forms of expressions like linguistic, visual that can be produced and identities can be constructed. Identity incorporate discourses of inclusion as well as exclusion.
Compared with term ‘etnicity’ which has meaning a group looking inward to its national host context, the term diaspora contain a critique of fixed origin, while taking account of a homing desire which is not the same thing as desires for homeland. Because this research focus on the first British Moslems generation, the meaning of diaspora is an adequate conceptual frameworkd to investigate people who are still closely attached to their origin countries while at the same time trying to adapt to their new society.
4. Mass Media and Identity Construction
According to Ben Anderson media has a central role in formating imagined community among people and making sense of belonging to a community among them. Media has become the source of an awareness of a shared past and present time. A diasporic people need both transnasional and local media. The media necessity for diasporic people is to fulfill they need to stay connected with their origin countries and to gain acces the necessary information about their host countries and societies.
By watching an event or issues broadcast by transnational media, like aljazeera, diasporic people view similar perspective as do people in their origin countries. Furthermore, because diasporic people watch both local and international broadcasting, they have opportunity to compare and to contrast both media in covering various issues and events. Consequently most diasporic moslems in Britain may not trust western media mainstream. Because they have alternative source of information. This fenomenon enforce that the consumption of media is an intertextual act
Beside the media have mentioned before, others communication forms are also very influential in channelling people’s experiences and make them as a unity in one place. Experts said the different media which compete with the mass media such as small media, community and radical media. Relating to diasporas it might be unusefull to limit the concept of diasporic media to conventional media like radio, televsion and journalism. It is more useful ti cover the smaller media and concern to various practices, institution and organization that link to diasporic
There are so many communication system shape the life of diasporic such as community societies and religious institution. The Mosque, for instance, is the most important pillar of tradional and interpersonal communication among moslems. This condition is the big challeange how to see interaction between audiences and various communication system can be investigated
5. Investigating Audience
According to Hall, there are three position for people in process to receive a message. Those are; a dominant hegemonic, a negotiated and oppositional receiver. This model is a critic for liner communication perspective
The act of message decoding cannot be separated from the social and cultural context. Beside being as a part of social context, the readers are not fixed entities inasmuch as they are unstable and rather fluid.
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